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LINGUISTIC
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN BASQUES AND SLAVS (VENETI) IN ANTIQUITY Petr
Jandáček 127 La Senda Road, Los
Alamos, New Mexico, 87544; E-mail: jandacek@mesatop.com;
p.jandacek@laschools.net Lojze
Arko 2 E-mail: ajarko@comcast.net The publication of the
monumental book "Veneti, naši davni predniki", by Bor, Šavli,
and Tomažič(1) can be compared to nothing less than the igniting of
a bonfire to light the darkness, a darkness which correctly describes the
written history of the Slovenian people up to that point. It is not so much
that their major thesis, i.e., the aboriginal nature of Slovenes and Slavs in
general, has not previously been considered (indeed, previous thinkers are well
documented), it is that it has never been put together so logically, with so
much compelling evidence, such coherence, and such boldness. For the first
time, it appears, Slovenes are allowed to write their own history without
foreign domination. It is not our
purpose here to question or even supplement the main thesis - this we accept as
now a given - but rather to look into some of the lesser aspects of their work
to see if we, the eager and supportive amateurs, can fit together the small
pieces which they left unattended. One such small piece is the
tantalizing suggestion that there appears to be a linguistic connection between
the Slovenian and Basque languages (other languages are touched on as well, but
we concentrate on the Basques). A few cursory examples are given in the book,
enough to wet the appetite, but not enough to give strength to the argument. We
have decided to look further into this question in the hope of shedding additional
light on the matter. The tools at our disposal are meager, consisting primarily
of the Basque,(2) as well as Slovenian,(3) and Czech(4)
dictionaries. We compare the modern Basque language with the modern Slovenian
and Czech languages, which immediately suggests that we have eliminated a whole
segment of the comparison. Without doubt knowledge of the more antique forms of
each language would be very useful since similarities, if they ever existed,
are slowly erased with time. Nonetheless we hoped that enough evidence has
remained to this day to allow a definitive statement on any linguistic
connection. It may yet be, of course,
that modern techniques of DNA analysis will either prove or disprove anything
we say here. These techniques, while still in their early stages, have the
potential of being model free and definitive. We do not believe that they have
yet arrived at their full potential, so that there is still room for other
techniques, such as linguistic comparisons, to answer some questions. Should it
eventually be proven via DNA that there is no connection between Basques and
Slav peoples, however, we will be left with the mystery of the linguistic
similarities which we hope to show below, are far beyond accidental. Perhaps
the similarities in that case stem from an intermixing or a trade language. Before launching into a
linguistic comparison, it is tantalizing to speculate about the very name
Basques. The Roman appellation for these people was Vascones, sometimes written
as Vascani. It is easy to see how the betatism has transformed the
"V" into a "B" to result in the modern word. But the
occasional writing of Vascones as Vascani is curious. It does not take much
imagination to transform the word into Vaščani, which immediately provides a
link to Slovenian, or Venetic, language. It should be remembered that one of
the major themes of Bor et al.(1) is that the distinguishing feature
of the Veneti is their basic cultural unit, the Village. Might it not be
possible that the Basques originally called themselves "The Village
People" or Vaščani? [Allowing ourselves one more
bit of speculation regarding Roman writing, we look at the word Druids, or the
wood people who worshiped trees on the British Isles. Since the Romans
generally used the printed letter V whenever a U is called-for, it is very
likely that they wrote DRVIDES for Druides. But might it not be so that in this
particular case they really wanted to use the letter V? In that case we are
talking about Drvides, which immediately suggests the word drva or drevo.
The connection between the name Druids and the tree worship then becomes much
more logical. Granted this is stretching things a bit, but it is food for
thought.] As we stated in our
abstract, a cursory examination of the Basque language would suggest at most an
accidental connection between Slavic and Basque. Indeed, we were prepared to
abandon the project when one of us (PJ) noticed an unusually high
correspondence among words, which surely would have already existed in
antiquity. These include such words as relating to body parts, geographical
features, agricultural terms, and the lexicon of hunters and gatherers in
general. Our initial attention was particularly focused on the word gori and its
combinations, which in Basque describe many items dealing with heat or burning,
as well as items dealing with elevation, highest praise, high passion, and
higher authority. Strangely enough, or perhaps not so strangely, this is
identical to what is used in the Slovenian language. The indefinite verb
"to burn" is in Basque actually erraustu, while words derived
from gori refer perhaps more to heat. Nonetheless, the similarity is
stunning. The word for flame is gar, which in Slovenian has been
softened to žar. While gori is an adjective describing a burning
item more correctly called goreči in Slovenian, the adjective goren
has the Slovenian equivalent of najgorjši (supreme, exalted, most high),
the indefinite verb goritu = ogreti (to heat), the adverb gora
= gori (up or upward), etc., etc.
In Slavic languages the word gora also refers to a mountain,
which, like a fire, rises upward to the sky. This appears to have been altered
in Basque to mendi (most likely Latinized from montes), but the word for
an apex is goraldi (vrh in Slovenian) thus retaining the root. Further
we find that to elevate = goratu, while elevation = gorapen. It
would seem much more than pure accident that two apparently unrelated languages
(according to linguists) would use the identical root word to form words with
very different meaning, and have the meaning of these words correspond exactly
in the two languages. This spurred on a further examination. To a much lesser extent
these relationships exist in English as well. Thus elevation (height) and
exalted one (highness) derive from the same word, while high passion can be
viewed as related to burning only as a metaphor, as in burning passion. But the
use of the same root word for heat, burning, high status, mountains, heights
and passion are nonexistent in English, while both Basque and Slavic describe
all these with the root word gori. [Quite aside, in the course of this search
the large number of English words with Slavic derivatives, which do not have
Latin or Germanic roots, surprised us]. Nor are they found in the Latin
language, which many might consider as the link in the similarities between
Basque and Slavic. Thus in Latin, e.g., up = sursum, fire = ignus, mountains =
montes, etc. When comparing Basque and
Slavic it would be most useful to have a strong command of several Slavic
languages, both the ancient and modern forms, since it may be that some
languages have retained the ancient forms wile others were subject to change.
At our disposal were only the Czech and Slovenian languages, but even with
these the usefulness of a multi-language approach was evident, particularly
when trying to unravel what appears to be only a vague connection in one
language, but absolutely clear in another. The sum of our work is given in the
Appendix with the words in alphabetical order. A few explanations of Basque are
in order for a better appreciation of the comparisons. First of all, no Basque
word begins with the letter R. Thus we find the word for river as erreka
and not reka. The indefinite verbs have the -tu ending while in
Slovenian they end in -ti. Thus we have zoritu, which means zoriti
(to ripen). While in Slovenian the use of the article ta, as in ta
prvi, is fading from use, it is still used in Basque except that it is
postpositional, as in mamata, or pivoto (i.e., the mother and the
beer). Postpositional articles are also found in Bulgarian and Macedonian
languages. We also point out again the interchangeability of letters b and v
due to betatism. With this prelude we welcome the reader to peruse the
appendix. Most of the comparisons in
the appendix are self-explanatory. One could write a story about many of the
words but it is not our intent to belabor these. We would include one, however,
namely the word for knee (belanue), which bears only a slight
resemblance to the Slovenian word koleno. The interesting fact is
that in both Basque (belaunaldi) and in Slavic (pokolenje)
the word for generation stems from the root word for knee. While this occurs in
Latin as well where genu (knee) and genus (ancestry) are related,
one must ask just who borrowed what from whom. Ancient pre-Roman Venetic
inscriptions clearly indicate that the word for wife (or woman) is gena,
later softened into the Slovenian word žena (a clear reference to
ancestry). We dare say the Romans did much borrowing. At the very least the
knee connection indicates that the Basque language did not originate in a
vacuum, as some would have us believe, but had contact with the rest of Europe from
the beginning. It is already clear from
many of the words in the appendix that the Basque words consist of root a word
to which one attaches adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, etc. to form new
words. This is entirely similar to the way Slavic words are constructed. We
gave an example in the abstract of črešnja (čer - ješnja, food with a
rock), but we could give countless other examples, such as iskra (iz
ker-a, from a rock). We are assured by Prof. Rozalyn Frank of the University of
Iowa that this type of word formation is not common, but it does occur in both
Basque and Slavic. It would be most gratifying
if one could determine a fingerprint, which would be a foolproof method of
identifying a Slavic language. The problem, which exists now is that it is
difficult to determine just who borrowed from whom in the course of language
development. Such is the case, for example, with counting from one to ten.
Nearly all languages have very similar words for these numbers. The knee-jerk
reaction of historians is to give credit to the Romans or perhaps the Indus people.
But is this really so? A careful scrutiny of the words for numbers reveals this
interesting fact: In ALL Slavic languages there occurs a rhythm and rhyme (and
reason) to the counting system. The numbers are paired thusly: ena-dva,
tri-štiri, pet-šest, sedem-osem, devet-deset.
If the wording is slightly changed, e.g., to seden by the Primorci, the
rhyme is maintained by also changing osem to osen. Indeed, the
rhyme is even more pronounced if one realizes that the word for 5 (pet)
comes from pest (i.e., fist, containing 5 fingers. Even in English the
words five and fist are related). Thus we could say pest-šest.
Perhaps šest comes from še pest, or, more than a fist. This would
give meaning and reason to the words. No such reason exists in other languages. Rhyme and reason in the
numbering system are not found in English, Latin, Germanic, or any of the
Romance languages. We are tempted to suggest that the counting originated among
Slavic peoples, and that the Romans borrowed the words. The subtleties of the
rhyme eluded the borrowers. Whatever the case, we suggest that the rhyme in the
counting system may be perhaps the fingerprint we are looking for. It is found
in Old Prussian so that we are confident in stating that these were a Slavic
people. By contrast, the rhyme is not found in the Basque language, which at
first glance would seem to negate their Slavic connection. However, in view of
the many similar antique words, one can also reach a different conclusion,
namely that the split, if such was the case, occurred even before the dawning
of the numbering system. Or, perhaps, the two tribes mixed in antiquity due to
trade, heavily borrowing words from each other. Whatever the case, the Basques
do not appear as unique as some historians would have us believe. As a final thought, there is
no doubt that at the time of the Venetic era (say 1000 B.C.) the numbering system
was already in existence. It would be most illuminating to get an idea of their
words for numbers. We have not been able to find these in any books on the Veneti.
If such can be found, and if a rhyme exists, we dare say that this would be
a substantial contribution as proof of their Slavic origins. References
1.
Bor, Matej; Šavli, Jožko; Tomažič, Ivan: Veneti
naši davni predniki, Editiones Veneti, Ljubljana 1989.
2.
Aulestia, Gorka; White, Linda: Basque-English ---
English-Basque Dictionary, University of Nevada Press, Reno, Nevada, 1992.
3.
Grad, Anton: Angleško-Slovenski slovar,
Univerzitetna Knjižnica, Maribor, 1999.
4.
Resepka, Miroslav: "Anglicko-Ceski ---
Cesko-Anglicki Slovnik", Fin Publishing, Olomouc, 1998. Povzetek Številni učenjaki so poskušali pravilno uvrstiti
baskovski jezik med ostale evropske jezike. Ti poskusi so bili v glavnem
neuspešni. Nekateri so domnevali, da so Baski potomci nekdanjih kromanjoncev,
ki so živeli tam pred trideset tisoč leti. V knjigi "Veneti, naši davni
predniki" so Šavli, Bor in Tomažič opozorili na povezave med Baski in
Veneti, našimi slovanskimi predniki. Navedli so nekaj primerov podobnih besed v
obeh jezikih, niso pa tega globlje obdelali. Nepopustljivo prepričanje
nekaterih zgodovinarjev, da so Slovani prišli v Evropo šele v 6. stoletju, za
kar pa nimajo zadostnih dokazov, je preprečevalo raziskovanje povezav med Baski
in Slovani. Midva sva globlje raziskala jezikovne povezave med tema ljudstvoma
in ugotovila zanimivo dejstvo. Medtem ko je na splošno videti zelo malo
podobnosti med tema jezikoma (videti so skoraj naključne), pa opazimo, da so
podobnosti številne, ko se omejimo na besede, ki so lahko obstajale v daljni
preteklosti (morebiti že v kameni dobi). Podobnosti najdemo ne le v besedah,
temveč tudi v besedni zgradbi. Na primer, kot v slovanskih jezikih tudi v
baskovščini tvorimo nove besede iz osnovnih besed (primer: črešnja = čer ješnja
= jed s koščico). Ali pa: baskovska pomanjševalna končnica -ška je podobna
slovenski. Predstavila bova še številne druge primere, pa tudi povezave z
drugimi jeziki. Nagibava se k temu, da bi dala prav Šavliju, Boru in Tomažiču,
da so Baski in Veneti podobni ljudje, ki so se ločili že v davnini.
APPENDIX (Examples of Basque - Slavic
Linguistic Similarities) We present below a
comparative instrument designed to illustrate similarities between Basque and
Slavic languages. The primary search was done by one of us (Petr Jandáček), a
Czech, thus it often occurs that Czech words seem more in concert with Basque.
However, as a rule, Slovenian words tend to retain a closer comparison. We again point out that the
letters B and V, as well as P and F are often interchangeable. M and N are
often replaced with each other as are the velars H, K and G. The dentals C,Č,
S,Š, Z,Ž are all mutually interchangeable. The letter X is pronounced as Š,
while TX is equivalent to Č. While in Slavic languages the letter R often
serves as the sixth vowel (pronounced "er"), to the point where some
words contain no vowels at all, Basque words can never begin with the letter R
nor even with a consonant cluster such as "sl", "st",
"pr". Thus, for example, roditi becomes erditu, while reka becomes ereka.
In a similar vein, regarding consonant clusters, sredi becomes asterdi. The Basque indefitnite verbs
end in -tu, while in Slovenian they end in -ti. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Basque Czech Slovenian English ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A abarka
obuv obuvalo Footwear (shoe) abeltalde stado čreda herd
(animals) aberastasun bohastsvi bogastvo wealth abere zver zver animal,
beast abestu pjet peti to sing abesti pjesem pesem song abio,
arabi, ahabi jerabina brusnica cranberry abian aby da bi so that, consequently abizen zvan naziv name,
appellation ahalke hanba
(pohana) sramota shame aharratu hadati se,
hudrat karati to argue, to reprimand ahate kachna (raca) duck (water
fowl) aho huba gobec mouth ahotz hlas glas voice ahuntz koza koza goat ahunzbizar kozi
bouz kozja
brada goatee ahunztalde kozi stado kozja čreda herd of goats ahuna jehne jagnje
(kozliček) a small goat (a goat lamb) ahutz lic lice cheek angira uhor jegulja eel aipu slava slava glory (SL not allowed in Basque) aita tata ata dad
(father) aitaxo otecko očka daddy aitxe otec oče father aizkora sekyra sekira axe akastsu kazni pokvarjen spoiled akastu kaziti kvariti to spoil akais kaz hiba fault,
flaw aketz kanec merjasec wild
boar al li ali perhaps used with questions alabaina ale bajo al tako
(seveda) but of course alatu klyti kleti to curse
(Basque
words may not start with a consonant cluster) albo bok bok side
(hip) alboko pobočnik pobočniK side kick, partner aldapagora pahorek navzgorje slope aidaratu edejiti vandrati to leave, to wander aldiz ale ali
however, although, nevertheless alor role izoralo
polje field prepared for sewing ama mama mama mother anitz moc mnogo much, many aniztu množiti množiti multiply apal police polica shelf apar para para steam apez papež papež high priest, pontiff apo žaba žaba frog,
toad apo kopyto kopito hoof arazo prace poklic,
(garati?) job, work, occupation arbi repa repa turnip arlo role polje
(za oralo) farm field arrakala rokle razpoka crevice, canyon arrama ramus rjovenje loud animal
noise arrano orel orel eagle arrultza vejce jajce egg arrazoi rozum razum reason,
sense arrazoldun rozumny razumni rational artalde stado čreda flock of
sheep asaba osoba oseba ancestor/person ase syty sit full,
satisfied asegabeki sobecky pohlepno greedily asekada sytost sitost satiety,
fullness aska jesle jasli manger,
crib askatu pustiti spustiti to free, to
liberate aski dosti dosti enough,
plenty askotan častokrat čestokrat often, many times astar osel osel donkey astredi sreda sreda Wednesday asti časi-často često times, often, periodically asto osel osel ass,
donkey asturu osud usoda fate,
fortune ata
(ate) vrata vrata gate, door (Basque words cannot start with a consonant
cluster) atexka vratečka vratca small gate (Basq X = Š) atoitu chytiti ujeti to catch,
grab atzapar škrabat krempelj claw atzaparketa škrabanina krempljati
(praskati) scratching (noun) atze,
atzeko zadek zadaj back part, bottom of body atzealde zada odzadaj posterior part, back aulk stolek stolček small chair (Basque
words cannot start with a consonant cluster) aupa hopla hopla exclamation used when lifting
heavy weights aurre pred pred before aurenik prvni najprej first of all ausiki kousati pokusiti to bite autzapez knez knez mayor,
lord aza zeli zelje cabbage azken končen konec conclusion, ending aztore jestrab jastreb hawk B ba ba ba exclamation of irony babespe bespečnost brezskrbnost security, protection, refuge bada batak potem so, well,
then baietz bajo da tako yes, so, yes
indeed baiezko bajeto da tako affirmative
consent bainu nanja banja bath baizera bažene tak že ne exclamation expressing doubt
or hesitation bake pokoj pokoj peace,
tranquility bakeune pokojne pokojno peaceful balanka paka vzvod lever,
crowbar balazta uzda uzda bridle bapateko prutko nenadno sudden barabil varle testicle baranda zabradli zabran? banister bare mir mir calm barne vnitr vnotraj interior barreka rechtat se režati laughing barrenbake vnitrni pokoj notranji mir (pokoj) inner peace basa pusty,
prosty divji
(prosti?) wild, primitive, rustic basabere zpustia
zver divja
(prosta) zver wild beast behi bejk,
byk, bik bull,
cow, bovine behiki bejči (hovez) goved beef behixka kravička
(samička od Bejčka) kravca little cow belar bylina
(trava) trava grass belaunue koleno koleno knee belaunaldi pokoleni pokolenje generation belaunikaketa pokleknuti poklekniti genuflect beretu brati grabiti to take,
seize beretzakotu zabrati zagrabiti to monopolize, seize berga palka bergle rod, club
stick berho vedro vroče heat, hot bertz džber čeber bucket,
pail (Since Basque
words cannot begin with a consonant cluster, the TZ is at the end) beste ješte še tako another as much as besuts bosi bos naked arm, barefooted bete nabyjet nabiti to fill, to load -as a gun beti veky veki always, ages, eternity betiko vecne večno eternal
perpetual betikotu zvečniti poveličati immortalize, perpetuate beti-betiko veky-veku vekov veke for ever and ever bezpara včera včeraj yesterday biak oba oba both bide vede veda
(vidnost?) path, that leads to a solution bidexka cestička cestica path biga byk bik young
cow - bull bilo vlas las,
dlaka hair biluzgorri vlasoholi plešast bald biratu viriti vrteti to spin birikatu vrteti vrteti rotate bizar vouz brada beard bizi-bizi živo-živi živi-živi ? very lively bizinahi životni nehi hrepenenje life's desires bizkar višks višek high point, high location bor-bor var-var vrenje soind of boiling water borda bouda koliba hut borobil boulovi okrogelj round boroka bitva, bitka borba battle bost pet (from
pest) pet five bota bota škornji boot botatxo botička škornjiček small boot botila butylka butelka bottle brastada prašteni udarec sudden blow briska broskev breskev peach buru vrch vrh top,
summit buruzabal vrch zavality širokoglav broad headed buruzorotz vrch ostry ostrovrh having a pointed
top D daratulu vrtak vrtalnik drill dardaratzu trasti tresti to shake,
vibrate denen denni dnevni common, daily dexente dost dosti enough domagarri domačneni udomačeni tamed E eden jed strup poison,
venom edoski dojiti dojiti to milk egin čin stvar action,
creation elekatu kecati klepetati to chat elkotu lakotit lakomen to become a miser emeki mekky mehko softly epelki teply toplo warm erabide robota, vyroba formula, method or process of getting something done erdi stred sredi center erditu roditi roditi to give
birth (Bsq words cannot start with R) eritu chorobiti shrometi to
get sick erpe drap krempelj claw erpekatu drapati praskati,
krempljati to scratch erreka reka reka river,
creek errekatxo rička rekica riverlet erroi vrana vrana crow erroitz rokle reža fissure,
precipice eskulabur skoupy skopuh stingy,
niggardly etxe
(pronounced etshe) chuše hiša house ez bez brez prefix indicating
exclusion ezko vosk vosek wax ezpi zub zob snake
fang / tooth F futzegin fučet, foukat pihati blow G gaban kabat suknja overcoat gabezia bez brez without,
lacking gaita dudy,
gaida (Slovak) dude bagpipes gaitz kaz poč flaw gako hak hakelj hook galda hut taliti smelting galeper krepelka prepelica quail galtza gate hlače
(gate?) pants,
trousers gar žar žar flame, radiant heat garaiago horejši,
horni višji
(gorjši?) higher garabi jerab žerjav hoist, crane garaitu vyhrati zmagati to win, to
triumph garratz horky grenak bitter garun razum razum brain,
ration gehiago jinako od tega more, else geruza koža koža skin,
crust goi horni visoki
(gorni) high gora nahore gori (z) up with, upward, up gorabehera nahoru-dolu gori-doli up and down gorago horejši višji
(gorjši?) higher goragoko horni gorni higher goragotu nahoru povišati to elevate
further goraldi horejši
priliv plima
(zgorni priliv?) high tide goraldi hory vrch vrh gora apogee of mountain gori hori gori ablaze,
on fire gori-goritu hori-horeti goreče glowing with
fire gorantz hornejši navzgor upward gorantza horejši navzgor towards the top goranzko horasko gorato regarding high things gorati hrdi ohol haughty,
arrogant goratu zvednout
nahoru povišati to elevate, to
raise gordeleku hrad grad fortress,
castle gordin hrozny,
kruty, hruby grozni, kruti,
grobi crude, cruel gordindu horšiti hujšati to get worse gordintasun hrubost grobost cruelty goregi priliš
horejši previsoko too high goren horen, nejviši najvišji
(najgorši?) highest gori hori gori burning gori-gori horiči (vašini) goreči glowing - ardently garratz horky grenak bitter gorroto hroziti groziti expressing hatred, ire gorta ohrada ograda stable, rink gorte hrad grad castle,
palace grausk hryzat grizati, hrustati biting sound guren hrana,
hranice granica limit, edge gutizia chut desire,
craving H han tam tam there,
over there handi hodne izobilje plenty, great quantity handiarezko hodne vrednost value > quality/quantity hanka hnata ud limb
(leg or arm) hari haras nit thread haritz dub hrast oak harizko haraskom (heklano?) made of thread harrapakin chopit zapleniti to catch prey, capture harrapakin korist plen seizure
of prey harrapatu hrabati, chopiti grabiti to grab, to
rake haur harant otrok baby, infant, child, brat haze zelen zelen green herre chromi hromi cripple,
lame herrestari ješter plezač reptile hesohol hol, hole steber stake,
staff, post hez kost kost bone higatu hniti gniti to rot,
decompose hikatu tykati tikati familiar form of "you" hirino rynek mesto small city,
town hiru tri tri three hizkera jazyk jezik language,
tongue hizkuntza jazyk jezik language hoben hanba krivda fault, blame, culpability hobendun hanebny kriv guilty,
blamable hobi hrob grob grave,
tomb hobiratu pohrbiti pogrebiti to bury, to inter hortz hryz, hrot zob (griz?) tooth, bite, point horzkada hryznuti grizniti bite, gnawing
of teeth I ilar hrach grah pea inguratu ohraditi ograditi to corral, surround ipar sever sever north ipurdi prdel prda
(slang) buttocks,
butt irabazpide robota rabota job, work isats ocas sirc broom
plant, tail ixo! ticho! tiho! quiet! izen zvan naziv name,
designata izpitu štipiti cepiti to splinter izodura strach strah fear,
terror J jabal slab slab weak jalo rojen izvaljeno hatched jende lide ljudje people jedexka lidičky ljudstvo common, simple people K kaj pristav,
molo kej (Croatian)
dock, pier, port, harbor kaka kaka
(trus) kaka excrement,
feces kako hak hakelj hook kalaka klikaq,
klatka kljuka latch kanika kulička frnikula marble (toy) kapazu kapsa torba pocket-bag, esp. of straw karel kraj kraj edge,
rim, brim karobi krb kamin fireplace, lime oven karraskatu kousati pokusiti to bite katar kocour maček male cat,
tomcat kezulo kozub
- komin kamin chimney kipula cibule čibula onion kiribilatu kudrnatit kodrati to curl, to
spiral klera krida kreda chalk klinkada polikani pogolniti swallowing koitz -krat -krat number suffix indicating multiplicity kokada krkat kolcati belch, burp kokor krk vrat throat,
neck kokorika skrčeny skrčen
squatting, crouching kokot krk vrat neck kola klih lim glue kolatu kližiti limati to glue kolokatu kolebati kolebati to waver, to
teeter kopalet kopa koš peck, small basket kordel koudel vrv, konopec rope, twine (Bsq
OR is often replaced by OU) korrok kruh, kolo krog circle,
wheel koskegin kousat grizati (kavsanje?) biting, sound of biting koskor kousek košček a piece, a
bit -kote -krat -krat suffix in multiplication kresal sul-sol razsol salt water kukula chochola greben (perhaps rooster's crest deriving
from kokoš) kulukatu kolebati kolebati to rock, to
sway kulska klimbat spanček short nap L labainada dlabanina razpoka gash, slash labekari pekar pekar baker labexka pečka pečka small oven laido lajdat žaliti to insult, to neglect landa lany polje field, prairie, plain,
terrain lapur lupič lopov thief,
robber lasta slamne
(from slama) slamno of straw lasto slama slama straw latoi litina bron (but
to cast=litina) brass lauzkatu lezti plezati to scale,
climb liho,
linu len lan flax liska lišejnik lišaj
moss or algae on rocks or trees listoi lat lata strip of wood, lath losintxa lichotit prilizniti to flatter,
flattery lur role zemlja earth, land,
field luza dlouhe dolžina long luze dloužene daljše elongated M mailuka mlatit mlatiti to hit with a hammer maitagarri mile, milovane dragi lovable, beloved, dear makila kyje palica
(palka) cane,
stick, baton peka piha pega freckle maldagora nahoru navzgor uphill, incline marrantatu maroditi prehlajen to be ill, sick with cold maskor mušle školjka sea shell maskur mozol mazulj callus mataza motouz štrena twine, hank, tangle matazatu zamotati zamotiti tangle, confuse meheki mekky mehki soft, weak milikatu malicherny zbirčen become spoiled, picky min milen mili dear,
beloved mixitxu micka mucka cat (child
talk) mizkatu mazleny,
mazliti razvajen be spoiled, pampered mortsa mrož mrož walrus moxkor mit
mužku namočen a lttle drunk moga mnoho mnogo extreme musker ješter(ka) kuščar lizard N nabari napadny navadni obvious, evident, manifest nabartu nabarvit nabarvati to paint with many colors nahastar ješter hujskar agitator nahi nehy naha desire,
will, wish, craving negutsu snežny snežno wintry, snowy neurerra mera mera measurement nokatu tykati tikati female familiar address nolako? no, jake? kakšno? what kind of? nozitu snašeti nositi to suffer,
to bear O ogara ohar hrt fast
hound ogaratxakur ohar
čokl hrt fast
hound orein jelen jelen hart P papar papat prsa (papat
for infants) breast / suckle peka piha pega freckle S sakats sukobity grčevo knotty (wood or tree) soineko sukno suknja cloth,
garment T taula stol stol stool taxu tvar način aspect, appearance teilaxka strižka stržka small roof tiratu tahati tirati to pull, yank, tug, goad into tiro strela strel shot toka tykat tikati address each other in familiar form tualdi plivati pljuvati to spit txalupa člun čoln a small
boat txanel člun čoln a small
boat txantxa švanda čenča fun, joke, jest, nonsense txarto čertiti črtiti to do evil, diabolical acts txerren čert črt imp, demon, fiend, devil txiza egin chčit,
chcat scati to
urinate --txo -čo -čo diminutive ending txuri čiry čisto white, clear (as wine) txurru čurat curati to urinate U ubil vir vrtinec
(se ovijalec) whirlpool ufatu
- ufaki foukati pihati to blow
air, puff uharka pohar(ek) pehar container ukai ruka roka hand, forearm (Bsq
words cannot start with R) ukabil ruka bil rokoboj punch with fist ukondo
loket laket elbow untzi člun čoln boat (consonant
cluster cannot start a word) ur,
urra orech oreh nut urate vrata vrata gate of canal, watergate urdin modry modri blue usta uzda uzda rein utzi pustit pustiti to let go X xabal zavality širok wide,
rotund xora,
xaro čaro- čaro- pertainig
to magic xahar star star old xukadera osuška brisača (ki
suši) towel xukatu sušiti sušiti to dry Z zalixka lžička žlička little
spoon zanga noga noga
(šunka?) leg zantu znak znak sign,
mark zapaburu žabi
pulec žabji
paglavec tadpole zapo žaba žaba frog,
toad zatar hadr cunja old cloth,
rag zati čast kos part,
piece zatixka častička košček small part zeinu znak znak sign zela sedlo sedlo saddle zerrakatu režati rezati
(razrezati) to slice into pieces ziho sadlo salo tallow,
grease, fat zikiro rež (žito) rž rye zikoizki sobecky skopuhi miserly,
stigily zilar stribro srebro silver zilbot život
(archaic in Cz) život belly zingira jezero jezero lake zirta jiskra iskra spark zitu žito žito grain zizarre žizala črv
(žuželka?) earthworm zizalkaka žizali kaka worm
feces zizeilu židle klop bench,
chair zizipaza šišlavi zezljati lisp -zko -sko -sko Suffix for derivation from general to
specific.e.g., Ljubljan-sko zokondo kout kot corner zomorro komar komar insect -
mosquito zoritu zrati zoriti to ripen zorizko štistko srečno luck, lucky zorrotz ostrost ostrost sharpness,
sharp zozo kos kos blackbird zulatu dolovati kopati
(zajemati?) to dig a hole zulo dol, dul jama (luknja) hole zulodno dolu-dno luknje dno bottom of hole zutitu vstati vstati to stand up zuzitu zničiti uničiti to destroy zuzstrertu strustati zrasti to sprout, germinate The
most conspicuous constellation of words, which are similar in Basque and Slavic
are the anatomical features of the paleolithic primitive Venuses (like the
Venus of Vestrince). Examples: Basque Czech Slovenian English ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- kokor krk vrat neck papar papat prsa (papat
for infants) breast/suckle zilbot život život belly motxin močovod močilnik? genitalia/urethra belaunue koleno koleno knee atzealde zada odzadaj back alboko bok bok side/hip ipurdi prdel prda
(slang) buttocks hanka hnata ud limb zanga noha noga leg ukondo loket komolec (laket) elbow ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In
addition, recall the cluster of words using the root word gori, discussed in the text. |
