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GIACOMO DEVOTO – VENETI V PANONIJI
Lucijan Vuga
Lemutova ul. 6, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenija
Abstract
Giacomo Devoto – Veneti
in Pannonia
Linguists Lejeune, Devoto and
Pellegrini-Prosdocimi (last two published the famous Lingua Venetica;
incidentally, Prosdocimi obtained his Ph.D. under Devoto) represent a coherent
group, which defends the theory of the Pannonian origin of the Venetic people.
Devoto recognizes distinct lexical Indoeuropean groups already in the 2nd
millennium B.C. We have some conflicting historical data about Veneti. However,
Italian etymologist Giacomo Devoto (Dizionario etimologico, Felice Le
Monier Ed., Firenze, 1968; map I) states that in the 2nd millennium
B.C., Veneti, together with Protolatinians, lived in Pannonia north of the
Danube, and from there moved southward into Italy. Their neighbours to the east
were a small group of Thracians, and close to them Slavs. Such a theory supposed
quite clearly the formation of ethnic groups already in the 2nd
millennium B.C. But taking into account the theory of continuity (TC), Mario
Alinei states that Slavs were spread on the whole Balkan peninsula, and westward
in the eastern Alps already during the Neolithic period. Why did Devoto suppose
Venetic migration from Pannonia to Italy in the 2nd millennium B.C.;
according to the TC this necessarily lead through the Slavic settled territory,
which could not have happened without a considerable impact on the language.
However, considering all the facts, the theory of continuity is much more
acceptable, stating the more relevant settlement stability and prevalent
cultural exchanges influencing ethnic development. Veneti were living in a wide
area of Europe far earlier and in close proximity or, from my mind, in unity
with Slavs. This can be derived also from Devoto's (and other)
statements concerning the location of distinct Indo-European languages in Europe.
Povzetek
Jezikoslovci Lejeune, Devoto in
Pellegrini-Prosdocimi (zadnja dva sta izdala slovečo knjigo Lingua venetica;
in mimogrede, Prosdocimi je doktoriral pri Devotu) predstavljajo usklajeno
skupino, ki zagovarja teorijo panonskega izvora Venetov. Devoto jasno razločuje
različne indoevropske jezikovne skupine že v 2. tisočletju pr.n.št. Imamo nekaj
nasprotujočih si zgodovinskih podatkov o Venetih. Vendar italijanski etimolog
Giacomo Devoto (Dizionario etimologico, Felice Le Monier Ed., Firenze,
1968; map I) meni, da so Veneti v 2. tisočletju pr.n.št. (skupaj s Protolatinci)
živeli v Panoniji, severno od Donave, od tam so se premaknili na jug, v Italijo.
Njihovi vzhodni sosedje so bili ne prav številni Tračani, ob teh pa so bili že
Slovani. Takšna teorija predpostavlja jasno izoblikovanje etničnih skupin že v
2. tisočletju pr.n.št. Toda če upoštevamo teorijo kontinuitete (TK), Mario
Alinei meni, da so Slovani živeli po vsem Balkanu ter zahodneje v Vzhodnih Alpah
že v neolitiku. Devoto predpostavlja venetsko migracijo iz Panonije (zakaj?) v
Italijo v 2. tisočletju pr.n.št., skladno s TK to vodi neposredno skozi ozemlje
poseljeno s Slovani, kar se ni moglo zgoditi brez znatnejšega vpliva tudi na
jezik. Očitno je ob upoštevanju vseh dejstev veliko verjetnejša teorija
kontinuitete, da je obstajala pomembna naselitvena stabilnost in je pretežno
kulturna izmenjava vplivala na razvoj etnosov. Veneti so bili že zelo zgodaj na
razsežnem prostoru Evrope v tesnem sosedstvu, ali po mojem mnenju, v skupnosti s
Slovani. To konsekventno sledi tudi iz Devotovih (in drugih) stališč, o
razporeditvi ločenih indoevropskih jezikov v Evropi.
KRITIKA MONOGENETSKOGA (MONOCENTRIČNOGA) ETNIČKOGA
I JEZIČKOGA PRISTUPA
(Fran Ramovš kao mladogramatičar)
Vojislav P. Nikčević
Abstract
A criticism
of a monogenetic (monocentric) ethnic and linguistic approach
(Linguist
Fran Ramovš as neo-grammarian)
The ideas of monogenetic ethnic
approach, as well as the ideas and work of neo-grammarians, are analysed and
critically discussed. The linguistic work of Fran Ramovš as a representative
supporter of the monogenetic neo-grammarian ideas and as an insightful founder
of Slovenian linguistics is discussed from the point of view of the polygenetic
conceptualisation of language evolution. His adherence to the monogenetic ethnic
and linguistic principles is reflected in the fact that he considered the
Slovenian language as existing before the end of the 6th century A.D.
and which actually was formed in the period from the end of the 6th
century to the 10th century A.D., only as a dialect, deriving from
one unified very ancient south-Slavic, pre-Slavic and Indo-European language. As
an adherent of the German neo-grammarian linguistic school he studied the
elements of the Slovenian language as being considered out of the whole system,
i.e. in his atomism, including the denomination of his phonetic elements as
psycho-physical and psycho-physiological phenomena which can be explained and
classified as they are developed from each other in a chain process. Like a
negation of this schematic and rather mechanistic understanding of a language
appears the more structuralistic school of Ferdinand de Saussure. According to
this school the origin of every language, including also of the Slovenian, can
be traced back from the very early primordial beginning from the Nostratic to
the Indo-European, then pre-Slavic and to the early common south-Slavic
pre-language. The phonetics of the language is being constantly subjected to the
developing process by mutual interactions over the long time speaking activity.
This model is opening a broad way to consider also the ancient Veneti as one of
ancestors of the modern Slovenes and their language as one of the origins of
the Slovenian language.
Sažetak
Kritika monogenetskoga
(monocentričnog) etničkoga i jezičkog pristupa
Fran Ramovš kao
mladogramatičar
Autor
u ovome radu analitičko-kritički razmatra pojam monogeneze, ko su i što su mladogramatičari,
daje prikaz Frana Ramovša kao monogenetskog mladogramatičara i u svjetlosti
pojma poligeneze ocjenjuje njegov lingvistički rad kao jednoga od naznačajnijih
utemeljivača jezikoslovne slovenistike. Njegovu pripadnost monogenetskome etničkom
i jezičkome učenju ogleda se u tome što je slovenski jezik, koji mu se formirao
tek od kraja VI. do X. vijeka, predstavio samo kao jedan dijalekat do konca
VI. stoljeća tako kao da je potekao iz jedinstvenoga južnoslovjenskog, praslovjenskoga
i indoevropskoga prajezika. A pripadnost njemačkoj mladogramatičarskoj školi
ispoljio je u izolovanome proučavanju elemenata toga jezika izvanj njegova sistema,
tj. u njihovom tzv. atomizmu, kao gođ i u poimanju njegovijeh glasova kao psiho-fiziološkijeh,
psiho-fizičkih pojava koje se cijepanjem lančano razlažu i granaju razvijaući
se jedan iz drugih. Negacija toga shematičkoga i mehanicističkog shvatanja jeste
strukturalističko učenje po kojemu se zametak svakog jezika, pa i slovenskog,
nalazi u prapočetku njegova nastanka od nostratičkoga, preko indoevropskoga
i praslovjenskog do južnoslovjenskoga prajezika. A glasovi mu se razvijaju u
neminovnijem međusobnim uzajamnijem suodnosima zahvaljujući stalnijem unutrašnjim
i spoljašnjijem promjenama tokom govorne djelatnosti.
To otvara širok prostor za prihvatanje Veneta i njihova jezika kao predaka Slovenaca
i prapočetaka slovenskoga jezika.
LINGUISTIC AND
GENETIC CORRESPONDENCES BETWEEN SLAVS AND INDIANS (INDO-ARYANS) PROVIDE INSIGHTS
INTO THEIR PRE-HISTORY
Joseph Skulj, Jagdish C. Sharda, Snejina Sonina, Petr Jandacek
Hindu Institute of Learning, 11
Westacres Drive, Toronto Ontario, Canada, M6M-2B7; Tel: 416/651-1117;
E-mail: jskulj@hotmail.com
(Paper presented at the international conference
“Ancient settlers in Europe”, 29-30 May 2003, in Kobarid, Slovenia.)
Abstract
Genetic information on Slavs and Indo-Aryans
from published literature was compared to linguistic data to determine the
degree of this correlativity. Based on published genetic information,
particularly the data from Y chromosome investigations, it is evident that the
Slavs and Indo-Aryans share at a high frequency the haplogroup associated with
the putative Indo-Aryan invasion. This is proportionate to the caste rank; the
higher the caste, the greater is the similarity with east Europeans. This
haplogroup is either absent or at a low frequency in western Europeans. The
divergence between Slavs and Indo-Aryans is estimated to have occurred ~6,500
BC. Despite this early historical separation, Slavs and Indo-Aryans also show
many linguistic similarities; Slovenes in particular retain many lexical and
grammatical resemblances with Sanskrit, particularly Vedic Sanskrit, no longer
present in most Slavic and Indo-Aryan languages.
Povzetek
Jezikovne in genetske
sorodnosti med Slovani in Indijci kažejo na njihovo predzgodovino.
Genetske podatke o Slovanih in Indo-Arijcih
primerjamo z jezikoslovnimi podatki. Objavljeni genetski podatki, predvsem tisti
o raziskavah kromosoma Y, kažejo, da imajo Slovani in Indo-Arijci veliko
pogostost haplogrup povezanih z domnevnim Indo-Arijskim vdorom. Ta pogostost je
sorazmerna položaju kast. Čim višja je kasta, tem večja je podobnost z vzhodnimi
Evropejci. Ocenjujemo, da so se Slovani in Indo-Arijci ločili okoli 6.500 pr.
Kr. Kljub zgodnji ločitvi kažejo Slovani in Indo-Arijci mnoge jezikovne
podobnosti. Zlasti Slovenci so obdržali v slovnici in besedišču številne
podobnosti s sanskrtom, posebno z jezikom Ved, ki jih ne najdemo več v drugih
sedanjih slovanskih in indo-arijskih jezikih.
BASE TEN
COUNTING AS THE EXTENSION OF THE ARCHETYPICAL BASE FIVE SYSTEM OF
BASQUES AND SLAVS
Petr Jandáček
127 La Senda Rd, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA;
E-mail:
jandacek@mesatop.com; p.jandacek@laschools.net
Abstract
The Basque and Slavic words for
"FIVE" are derived from their words for "hand" or "fist". Their
words for "SIX" contain the vestigial feature of "with". Both the Basque
and Slavic words for "SEVEN" actually mean "with two more". Numerals
beyond four in non-Slav Indo-European languages have lost the sense of
etymology derived from this manual and digital concept. While the RHYME and
REASON for naming numerals is preserved in Slavic only, other parts of the
phonemic structure of the numerals had been largely maintained in all
Indo-European languages without the speakers' understanding of the etymology.
Thus, deep within the common Base Ten counting system is the archetypical
Basque and Slavic Base Five arithmetic arrangement.
Povzetek
Štetje na desetiški
osnovi kot podaljšek štetja na petiški osnovi pri Baskih in Slovanih
Baskovske in slovanske besede za število 5 (PET)
izhajajo iz besed kot sta ROKA in PEST. Besede za število 6 (ŠEST) imajo
ostanke besed S ali SE in PEST. Baskovske in slovanske besede za število 7
(SEDEM) dejansko pomenijo ŠE DVA (ali DVA VEČ). Števila višja od 4 (ŠTIRI)
izpeljana iz osnovnih pojmov v zvezi z roko in prsti so izgubila besedotvorni
pomen v vseh indo-evropskih jezikih, razen v slovanskih. Čeprav se tega ljudje
na splošno ne zavedajo, sta v slovanskih jezikih ohranjena tako rima kot razlog
za poimenovanje števil, medtem ko so pri štetju v drugih indo-evropskih jezikih
ohranjene samo glasovne prvine jezika. V sedanjem štetju po desetiškem sistemu
je pri Baskih in Slovanih skrit prvotni način štetja na osnovi števila PET.
LADINCI – POSLOVENJENI ITALIDI
Lucijan Vuga
Lemutova ul. 6, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenija
Abstract
Ladinians – Slavicized Italides
During last years among different
theories of the Indo-Europeans' origin is in the limelight the Theory of
continuity (TC), which is supported by archaeologist Colin Renfrew, prehistorian
Marcel Otte, paleolinguist Mario Alinei, Xaverio Ballester, Herbert Kühn etc.
Mario Alinei, emeritus of the University of Utrecht (professor from 1959 to
1987), co-founder and first president of the »Atlas Linguarum Europae«,
founder of the journal »Quaderni di semantica«, author of numerous
scientific books etc., in his huge work (about 2000 pages) »Origini delle
lingue d'Europa« in chap. La Ladinia: un'area italide slavizzata (II,
page 739) wrote and showed by means of linguistic, archaelogical, ethnological
and other arguments (II, page 750): »…in the most modest variant…during the 3rd
and 2nd Millenium B.C. … metallurgists from Slovenia immigrated in
south Alps valleys of Grigione [Graubünden, Swiss canton] couldn't be no others
than only south Slavs…likely Slovenes…who overlayed people of the italidic
origin southward of the eastern and central Alps…« (translation L.V.). In this
case Alinei is leaning against Hugo Schuchart, he calls him one of the most
original linguists of the 19th century, who wrote the book Slawo-Deutsch und
Slawo-Italienisch (1884). Alinei also wrote down: »…one of the most absurd
consequence of the traditional chronology is ''the arriving'' of Slaves no
earlier than in historic times in enormous area where they actually are…«, and
(page 196): »On the southwest of triangle Slaves always were neighbours of
Italides in Dalmatia, in the area of southern Alps, and in Po plain larger than
today, because it was not inundated so much by the Adriatic sea as is today…«.
Doyen of the Slovenian historians,
the late academician Bogo Grafenauer, in the foreword of the booklet »Slovenska
Koroška« (Slovenian Carinthia) (Znanstveni inštitut, Ljubljana, 1945)
written together with dr. Jakob Sienčnik frankly stated: »The list of Slovenian
toponyms in the Slovenian Carinthia …these still alive names demonstrate us that
this territory is positively Slovenian. If we would deal with only dead
Slovenian toponyms, which have been anyhow preserved, we couldn't restrict
ourselves only to the actually Slovenian Carinthia, but we would have to follow
them all over the eastern Alps as far as Danube and over Danube«. Eastern Alps
cover the area from Slovenia to Italy and Swiss, to about the line from Lago
Maggiore on the south to Zürich on the north, than follows Swabia-Bavarian
plateau, and over the Danube there are Schwarzwald and Swabian-Jura (see f.i.
Atlas sveta, MK, Ljubljana, 1979, pages 58-59). Therefore, Alinei and Grafenauer
agree about geographical area, but they disagree about the historical period of
the Slovenian presence in this territory. Grafenauer remains a follower of the
late arrival, i.e. mediaeval immigration of the Slovenian ancestors into this
area, whereas Alinei speaks in favour of soonest, prehistorical settlement.
However, we have to repeat the Grafenauer's significant statement, cited in »Zgodovina
Slovencev« (The history of Slovenes) (CZ, Ljubljana, 1979), where we can
read in the chapter Prihod Slovanov (The arrival of Slavs) (page 94):
»…in the history was put into force the opinion (underlined by L.V.),
that the Slavs' old homeland was the area inside the Carpathians on the south,
Baltic Sea on the north, Oder eastern river basin on the west and middle Dnieper
on the east«. Grafenauer used the term 'opinion' and not 'proof,
evidence, certainty' etc. And what is 'opinion'? It is a belief or
judgment that rests on grounds insufficient to produce complete certainty.
The very known present-day
archaeologist Colin Renfrew warns us in his book »Archaeology and language«
(J. Cape Ltd., London, 1987 – Archeologia e linguaggio, Laterza, Roma,
1999), that actually there are even more historians who state that: »…there are
no arguments in favour of languages migration. Demographic composition on the
specific geographic areas remained in large scale unchanged in almost all
cases…« (page 106), and »Researchers from every specific geographic area maybe
could learn from mistakes and new achievements of men who are working in other
areas« (page 320), and finally »I've tried to proof…that till now hasn't existed
any valid methodology which would bound known documentation of language
research, i.e. historical linguistic with archaeology findings« (page 321).
(Translated from Italian by L. V. )
In the light of the Alinei thesis
about Ladinians based on TC, I have analysed over one thousand toponyms and
oronyms in the eastern Alps area, which show high correlation with Slovenian
etymology base. In spite of Alinei statement that Veneti from north Adriatic Sea
were probably Italides we don't forget that Veneti in that remote time settled
mainly the present Ladinian territory, so I may conclude, that my analysis
indicates Veneto-Slovenian prehistory.
Povzetek
Med različnimi teorijami o izvoru Indoevropejcev
je v zadnjih letih v ospredju teorija kontinuitete (TK), med njenimi vidnimi
zagovorniki so arheolog Colin Renfrew, paleolingvist Mario Alinei, arheologi
Marcel Otte, Xaverio Ballester, Herbert Kühn itd. Mario Alinei, dolgoletni
profesor (od 1959 do 1987) na univerzi v Utrechtu, soustanovitelj in prvi
predsednik »Atlas Linguarum Europae«, ustanovitelj revije »Quaderni di
semantica«, pisec vrste odmevnih znanstvenih knjig itd., v svojem
najnovejšem obsežnem delu (skoraj dva tisoč strani) »Origini delle lingue
d'Europa« v poglavju La Ladinia: un'area italide slavizzata (II,
str.739 i.n.) piše in utemeljuje z jezikoslovnimi, arheološkimi, etnološkimi
i.dr. argumenti: (II, str.750) »…v najskromnejši različici…v 3. in 2.tisočletju
pr.n.št. …metalurgi iz Slovenije priseljeni v južnoalpske doline in v Grigione
[Graubünden, švicarski kanton] niso mogli biti drugi kot le južni
Slovani…verjetno Slovenci…ki so prekrili ljudstva italidskega izvora na južni
strani vzhodnih in osrednjih Alp…« (vsi prevodi L.V.). Pri tem se Alinei med
drugim oslanja tudi na Huga Schucharta, ki ga imenuje enega od najizvirnejših
lingvistov 19. st., avtorja dela »Slawo-Deutsch und Slawo-Italienisch«
(1884). Še prej (str.183) zapiše: »…ena od najbolj absurdnih posledic
tradicionalne kronologije je: ''prihod'' Slovanov, nič prej kot v zgodovinskem
obdobju, na neskončno področje, ki ga danes naseljujejo…«, ter (str.196): »Na
jugozahodu trikotnika so Slovani od vselej mejili z Italidi v Dalmaciji, na
področju vzhodnih Alp in v Padski nižini na večji površini od današnje, ker je
ni toliko poplavljalo morje…«.
Starosta slovenskih zgodovinarjev, pokojni
akademik Bogo Grafenauer, se je v predgovoru knjižice »Slovenska Koroška«
(Znanstveni institut, Ljubljana, 1945), ki sta jo napisala skupaj z
dr.Sienčnikom, jasno izrazil, rekoč: »Seznam slovenskih krajevnih imen na
slovenskem Koroškem…nam dokazujejo ta še danes živa imena, da je to ozemlje v
resnici slovensko. Če bi šlo namreč samo za mrtva slovenska imena, ki so se nam
na kakršenkoli način ohranila, se ne bi mogli omejiti na sedanjo slovensko
Koroško, marveč bi jim morali slediti po vseh vzhodnih Alpah do Donave in preko
nje«. Vzhodne Alpe pa segajo od Slovenije do Italije in Švice, nekako do črte od
jezera Maggiore na jugu do Züricha na severu; od koder se do Donave razprostira
Švabsko-bavarska planota, onkraj Donave pa sta Črni les-Schwarzwald in Švabska
jura (primerjaj npr. Atlas sveta, MK, Ljubljana, 1979, str. 58-59). Torej se
glede obsežnosti prostora Alinei in Grafenauer ujemata, razlika med njima je v
časovnem razponu slovenske prisotnosti na tem območju. Medtem ko je Grafenauer
pristaš poznega, to je srednjeveškega prihoda slovenskih prednikov na to
ozemlje, zagovarja Alineji njihovo predzgodovinsko prisotnost. Toda pri tem je
še treba opozoriti na Grafenauerjevo pomembno misel, ki jo najdemo v skupinskem
delu »Zgodovina Slovencev« (CZ, Ljubljana, 1979), v katerega je prispeval
poglavje Prihod Slovanov (str.94): »…v znanosti se je uveljavilo
mnenje (podčrtal L.V.), da je bila pradomovina Slovanov med Karpati na jugu
in Baltiškim morjem na severu, med vzhodnim porečjem Odre na zahodu in srednjim
Dneprom na vzhodu«. Grafenauer je uporabil izraz – mnenje, ne pa dokaz,
ugotovitev ali kakšen drugi čvrstejši pojem. Kaj pa je mnenje? Slovar
slovenskega knjižnega jezika razloži: (1) mnenje – prikaz lastnosti, stanja česa
glede na lastno védenje, poznavanje; (2) kar je glede na védenje, poznavanje
koga resnično: to je moje mnenje, morda pa je bilo drugače.
Eden najvidnejših sodobnih arheologov, Colin
Renfrew, opozarja v svojem delu Arheologija in jezik (Archaeology and
Language, J. Cape Ltd., London, 1987 – Archeologia e linguaggio, Laterza, Roma,
1999), da danes čedalje več zgodovinarjev meni: »…ne obstaja nikakršna posebna
argumentacija, ki bi govorila v prid selitve jezikov. Demografski sestav na
posameznih zemljepisnih območjih je ostal na široko nespremenjen v večini
primerov… (str. 106)« ter »Proučevalci z vsakega posameznega zemljepisnega
območja se morda lahko česa naučijo iz napak in novih dosežkov od tistih, ki
delajo drugod (str.320)« in še »Poskusil sem dokazati…da doslej ni obstajala
nobena veljavna metodologija, ki bi povezovala obstoječo dokumentacijo
proučevanja jezikov, to je historične lingvistike, z arheološkimi najdbami
(str.321)«.
V luči Alineijeve teze glede Ladincev po teorije
kontinuitete sem na območju Vzhodnih Alp razčlenil nad 500 toponimov, ki kažejo
visoko korelacijo s slovensko etimološko osnovo. Ker Alinei zastopa mnenje, da
so bili severnojadranski Veneti verjetno Italidi, a ne pozabimo, da so Veneti
živeli pretežno na sedanjem ladinskem področju, lahko sklepamo, da ta analiza
nakazuje venetsko-slovensko prazgodovino.
VENETI U JEDNOJ ETNOLOŠKOJ INTERPRETACIJI
Vojislav P. Nikčević
Abstract
An
ethnological interpretation of the Veneti
The paper presents data on the
Veneti as ancestors of Slovenes or Slovjens (Slovyens) published by the
Serbian ethnologist Tatomir Vukanović in his book Ethnogenesis of South Slavs
(Vranje, 1974). These data have been collected from the writings of ancient
authors dating from the 6th century AD. The data explicitly or
hypothetically identify Slovenes as the Veneti even in the period when they
were still settled in their primeval homeland in North-eastern Europe and also
later on their newly acquired territories all over Europe after their migration
from their homeland towards the East, West and South. In the interpretation of
the ancient authors, the name Slov(j)en(e) is formed from the basic part slov-
from the Slovjen word slovo (i.e., word or speech) and the non-slovjen suffix -vene
stemming from the West European word Veneti with the meaning of western dwellers
of the sea coast in the time when the Veneti were settling the coasts of the
Baltic before the appearance of name Slov(j)en(e). Accordingly the ethnonym
Slovenec as one of the synonyms of the name Slovjene was formed from slov +
veneti > slovveneti > sloveneci > Slovenci. This is the essence of the etymology
of this ethnonym as explained in the morphological and semantic meaning of this
name.
Sažimak
U ovome radu donose se podaci o
Venetima kao Slovjenima, odnosno Slovencima, koje je srpski etnolog Tatomir
Vukanović objavio u knjizi Etnogeneza Južnih Slovena (Vranje, 1974). Ti
podaci sadržani su u spisima antičkijeh pisaca datiranim od VI. vijeka. Ti
podaci izrično ili hipotetično identifikuju Slovjene kao Venete još dok su
prebivali u njihovoj pradomovini na evropskom śeveroistoku, ali i na njihovijem
teritorijama nastanjenim širom Evrope nakon seoba iz te pradomovine na istok,
zapad i jug. I u interpretaciji antičkijeh pisaca naziv Slov±n(e)
sačinjen je od osnove slov- iz slovjenske
riječi slovo "riječ, govor" +
neslovjenski nastavak -vene iz zapadnoevropske riječi Veneti u
značenju zapadni "nastanjenici morske obale" još dok su prebivali na obalama
Baltičkog mora u doba prije pojave naziva Slov(j)en(e). Prema tome, i
etnonim Slovenec kao jedan od sinonimnijeh pojavnih oblika imena Slov±n(e)
nastao je od slov- + veneti > slovveneti > sloveneci
> Slovenci. U tome se sastoji etimologija toga etnonima shvaćena u
morfološkome i semantičkom značenju toga pojma.
RUNICA AND THE ALPHABET WRITING
Valery.A.
choudinov
Russian Academy of Sciences, The World Culture Scientific
Council, Old and Medieval Russian Culture Commission, Leninskiy prospekt 32 A,
RU-119991 Moscow GSP-1, Russia; E-mail: psevdoreal@mail.ru
Abstract
Introduced is the Slavic syllabic
writing - runica. Examples of the use of runica, a short history
of its decipherment, and the syllabary are given. On the basis of runica
and Cyrillic script interaction, the period during which the change from
syllabic to alphabetic writing resulted, is estimated. Also presented is the
hypothesis about the quality of the process of transition for every change of
runica with ethnic alphabet writing. The coexistence of runica with
Glagolitic, Greek and Latin writing is shown on some examples. Runica-type
signs can be traced also on several prehistoric objects.
Povzetek
Runica in črkovne pisave
Predstavljena je slovanska zlogovna pisava
runica, primeri njene rabe, kratka zgodovina razvozlavanja in zlogovnik. Na
podlagi soobstoja runice in cirilice je ocenjeno obdobje, v
katerem je prišlo do prehoda z zlogovne pisave na črkovno. V nekaterih primerih
je vidno tudi soobstajanje runice z glagolico, latinico in
grško pisavo. Runici podobne znake zasledimo tudi na nekaterih predmetih
iz prazgodovine.
THE "TAVOLA DA ESTE" INSCRIPTION
Anthony
Ambrozic1, Giancarlo Tomezzoli2
1 8 Lafayette Pl., Thornhill,
ON L3T 1G5, Canada
2 Zeppelinstrasse 43, D-81669
Munich, Germany; E-mail:
gtomezzoli@epo.org
Abstract
A division,
translation, linguistic examination, and evaluation of the Tavola da Este
inscription is presented. It appears that the artefact's votive character may
have served as a prayer formula at a religious site in the vicinity of Padua.
Povzetek
Napis "Tavola da Este"
Predstavljena
je delitev, prevod, jezikoslovna raziskava in ovrednotenje napisa Tavola da
Este. Videti je, da je predmet votivnega značaja in da je služil kot molitveni
obrazec v nekem svetišču v bližini Padove.
THE INSCRIPTION PAULI No. 39
Ivan Tomažič1, Giancarlo
Tomezzoli2
1 Bennogasse 21, A-1080 Wien,
Austria
2 Zeppelinstrasse 43,
D-81669 Munich, Germany;
E-mail: gtomezzoli@epo.org
Abstract
C. Pauli wrote concisely in
German: "39. Inscription on a small dish, found near Verona." He provides the
layout of the inscription, the spelling: KOLIVETU, but he does not provide a
translation of the inscription.
Interpretation of I. Tomažič:
Reading the
inscription from right to left, it is possible to arrive at the word KOLIIIETU,
which can be interpreted as follows: KOLIJ JE TU and give: Plant the grapevines,
the time is here (i.e., has arrived).
Interpretation of G. Tomezzoli:
Reading the
inscription from right to left it is possible to arrive at the word: KOLYSETU,
which can be interpreted as follows: KOLYS E TU and give: The pungency is here
(i.e., connected with the substance inside the dish).
In the first
case the inscription is an invitation to start an agricultural chore, in the
second case the inscription is a warning informing the user about the kind of
content inside the dish.
In any case,
the writer of the inscription belonged to an ancient people whose language was
closer to the Slavic languages rather than to the Latin, Italic, Celtic or Saxon
languages.
Povzetek
Napis Pauli No. 39
C. Pauli je
napisal na kratko po nemško: “39. Napis na posodici, najdeni blizu Verone.”
Predstavil je napis, njegovo prečrkovanje: KOLIVETU, ni ga pa prevedel. Tomažič
ga prečrkuje kot KOLIIIETU, bere kot KOLIJ
JE TU in prevede v: PODPRI TRTO, ČAS JE. Tomezzoli ga prečrkuje kot KOLYSETU,
bere kot KOLYS E TU in prevede kot: TU JE OSTRA ZAČIMBA. V prvem
primeru bi napis vabil k delu, v drugem pa opozarjal na vsebino v posodici.
Vsekakor je pisec napisa pripadal nekdanjemu ljudstvu, katerega jezik je bil
bliže slovanskim jezikom kot latinščini, italskim, keltskim ali germanskim jezikom.
PRIMERJAVA BRANJ RETIJSKEGA NAPISA NA MEČU IZ VERONE
Vinko
Vodopivec
Pot na
Drenikov vrh 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija;
E-mail: Vinko.Vodopivec@familia.si
Abstract
Comparison
of readings of a Rhaetian inscription on the Sword of Verona
Scientists are still searching for
an appropriate understanding of an inscription on the sword of Verona. A
comparison of all available interpretations of the up-to-the-present
incomprehensible inscription can significantly improve its understanding. Here
we have 8 different ways how to group together the letters and 5 translations.
The working hypothesis should suppose to find an appropriate part of correctly
grouped letters and an appropriate part of correctly recognised letters and
intelligible words. The analysis shows that all the present groupings of letters
were rather inconsistent. Concerning the translations, only the translations by
A. Perdih and by present author are strikingly different since they surpass the
set conditions of the working hypothesis and by this, they are the only ones
that most probably give the correct meaning of the inscription.
The results confirm the correctness
of the translation by A. Perdih and by present author. Their groupings of
letters can be considered as appropriate, the translation is based on 69.8% and
73.2% of recognised letters, respectively. The relevant percentage for the other
authors amounts to 4.8%, 20.0%, and 19.5%, respectively. Concerning the
recognised words, the translation by A. Perdih and by present author give rise
to recognition of 90.9% of words. Other translations give rise to the percentage
of words understood only at 38.5%, 41.7%, and 38.5% of understood words,
respectively. This study shows that the translations by A. Perdih and by present
author are most to be trusted while other translations could be far less
adequate. The Slovenian language seems also in this case to be a very suitable
tool, since its numerous dialects enable us to understand the older Rhaetian
inscriptions.
Povzetek
Znanstveniki še vedno iščejo vsebino napisa na
meču iz Verone in v teh prizadevanjih lahko bistveno pripomore ustrezno
razumevanje do sedaj nerazumljenega napisa, kjer si pomagamo s primerjavo do
sedaj znanih prevodov. Za primerjavo prečrkovanja imamo kar osem možnosti
različnih avtorjev, pri prevodih pa le pet. Delovna hipoteza predvideva ustrezen
delež pravilno prečrkovanih črk in ustrezen delež prepoznanih črk in ustrezen
delež razumljenih besed. Analiza kaže, da so dosedanja prečrkovanja nekoliko
nedosledna, pri prevodih pa izrazito odstopata prevoda A. Perdiha in V
Vodopivca, ki edina močno presegata pogoje delovne hipoteze in nam zato
najverjetneje podajata ustrezno razumljeno vsebino napisa.
Rezultati potrjujejo pravilnost Perdihovega in
Vodopivčevega prevoda saj vsebujeta kar 69,8% in 73,2% prepoznanih črk, medtem
ko ostali prevodi dosegajo le 4,8%, 20,0% in 19,5%. Podobna je primerjava
prepoznanih besed, saj jih imata Perdihov in Vodopivčev prevod oba kar 90,9%,
medtem ko jih imajo ostali prevodi le 38,5% in 41,7% in 38,5%. Rezultati kažejo,
da sta Perdihov in Vodopivčev prevod odlična, ostali prevodi pa so bistveno manj
verjetni. Slovenščina je tudi v tem primeru uporabno orodje, saj s svojimi
številnimi dialekti omogoča razumevanje najstarejših slovanskih zapisov.
THE SLAVIC TRIBES ON ST. EUSEBIUS' MAP
Valery A. Choudinov
Russian Academy of Sciences, The World Culture Scientific
Council, Old and Medieval Russian Culture Commission, Leninskiy prospekt 32 A,
RU-119991 Moscow GSP-1, Russia; E-mail: psevdoreal@mail.ru
Abstract
The St. Eusebius' map (circa 330
AD) found by German historian K. Miller is shown. The Latin names of Slavic
tribes written in Latin script, as well as in Russian written in runica
script were read and interpreted. This map was combined with the modern
archaeological map of Slavic cultures to see the location of 9 Slavic tribes.
Now we can see the Slavic tribes' names and their location on the map of Eastern
Europe as early as in the Late Antiquity. It is the first Slavic Eastern Europe
map of such type.
Povzetek
Slovanska plemena na
zemljevidu sv. Evzebija
Zemljevid sv. Evzebija (okoli 330 po Kr.) je
našel nemški zgodovinar K. Miller. Prebrana in razložena so imena slovanskih
plemen v latinščini, pisana v latinici, in v ruščini, pisana z runico. Ta
zemljevid je prerisan na sodoben arheološki zemljevid slovanskih kultur, da bi
videli dejansko lego 9 slovanskih plemen. Sedaj lahko vidimo, kje so bila v
vzhodni Evropi slovanska plemena v pozni antiki. To je prvi tak slovanski
zemljevid vzhodne Evrope.
VEROVANJA STARIH LOBJANCEV
Leopold Sever
Male Lipljene
pri Turjaku 15, SI-1311 Turjak, Slovenia
Abstract
Religion of
the ancient Lobjanci
Lobjanci or Lobiki (Engl. transcr.
Lobyanci, Lobiki) is a very old name for the inhabitants of the
Zahodna Dolenjska (Western Lower Carniola). The name was derived from the
rounded hills, nowadays known as Dolenjsko gričevje (Lower Carniola hills).
After the Roman occupation in the 1st century B.C., the new rulers
gave them a Romanized name - Latobici.
Before the Roman occupation, the
Lobjanci were organized into communities called 'španovine' (shpanovine)
or 'župajevine' (zhupayevine) headed by leaders called 'špan' (shpan)
or 'župaj' (zhupay). In addition to their political and economic
activities (agriculture, stockbreeding, particularly horse breeding, hunting,
trading, iron mining and foundry working), they also developed two other
efficiently organized systems: the defence (of the community) and their
spiritual life. The centre of their defence system was fortified settlements,
usually on hills (ancient forts) with a špan (shpan) village, which
offered solid protection to the inhabitants of špajevina (shpayevina) and
all their movable property in the case of an outside attack or plundering raid.
The centre of their spiritual life was worshiping of nature, which in this way
got a divine character. In the Lobjanci region, the predominant cult was the
worship of water in all three of its aggregate states and in all its vital
fluids. At that time it was called 'muža' (muzha), nowadays
called also 'moča' (mocha). Since the 'muža' can be found
in three aggregate states, it got a divine name 'Trimožje' (Trimozhye),
(originally 'Tromužjad' (Tromuzhyad)). Our ancient ancestors erected many
sanctuaries devoted to this aquatic deity, which were also a destination of
pilgrimage for the worshipers. A very well known such sanctuary was in the
contemporary village of Škocjan near Turjak. In Zahodna Dolenjska numerous names
(hydronyms) for the worshiped waters are still preserved. These are famous
streams Trmožniki (Trmozhniks) and Zdravščki (Zdravshcheks). Until
recently, just before the Second World War, the Trmožnik near the village of
Draga was still frequently visited by the neighbouring population just for
drinking the healing water and for taking healing baths.
The souls of the deceased Lobjanci
departed after death to the »other, next world«, which meant to either the dark
or to the bright side of the Moon (e.g., in popular saying to be »beyond the
Moon«). The worshipped stellar body acquired the divine name, Reitija (Reitiya),
apparently due to the functional similarity to the common tool of farmers, the »rejta«
(a riddle). According to the beliefs of the ancestors, the transfer of souls to
the other world or vice versa was accomplished by the holy birds (big or small 'tice'
or 'ptice'). The Moon or the holy Reitija reflected and spread the light during
the night and hence was designated as šajnata (shaynata, i.e.,
shining). With time the attribute »šajnat« was acquired by all who served this
holy stellar body and which was where they could continue the post-mortem life.
So along with the Šajnata Reitija, we know also of the existence of »Šajnato
Trimožje« and of »Šajnata Tica« (known in Slovenian ancient mythology also as
Žar Tica (Zhar Titsa)). All the deities important for life on this or the
next world and designated as »šajnata« were worshiped by our ancient ancestors
who donated and offered to them a ransom, called »toler«.
The religious life of the old
Slavic Lobjanci, ancestors of the present inhabitants of Zahodna Dolenjska left
numerous and rather richly preserved traces. We can easily recognize them by
carefully studying our living habits, our toponyms and onomastics of our
vocabulary, and by observing and verifying nature, and by experiments. All the
religious names for the worshipped nature have an onomatopoetic origin and
possess a profound Slovenian sonority. During the very long period of formation
of our ethnicity, Zahodna Dolenjska was rather isolated, without too many
foreign influences and with rather small immigration. This can be a clue as to
why the dialects in Zahodna Dolenjska are so rich on the preserved traces and
proofs of our pre-historic period. The linguistic proofs of our relic and
autochthonous existence in Central Europe become even more persuasive if one
compares them with the existing archaeological facts. Both of these proofs are
in excellent agreement with the inscriptions written by the ancient Veneti over
two thousand years ago.
Povzetek
Lobjanci ali Lobiki je staro ime za prebivalce
zahodne Dolenjske. Ime so dobili po pretežno zaobljenih (lobastih) vzpetinah,
danes imenovanih Dolenjsko gričevje. Po rimski okupaciji so jim novi gospodarji
ime romanizirali v Latobike. Pred rimsko zasedbo so bili Lobjanci organizirani v
skupnosti imenovane španovine ali župajevine pod vodstvom španov in župajev.
V okviru svojih skupnosti so poleg gospodarske
dejavnosti (poljedelstvo, živinoreja – posebej konjereja, lov, železarstvo in
trgovina) razvili dva učinkovita sistema: obrambnega in duhovnega.
Središče obrambnega sistema so bila utrjena
gradišča s špansko vasjo, kamor so se v nevarnih časih zatekli špajani z vsem
premičnim imetjem in se postavili v bran plenilcem.
Jedro duhovnosti je bilo čaščenje narave, ki je
s tem dobila božanski značaj. Na Lobjanskem je prevladoval kult vode in vseh
njenih življenjskih tekočin. Tedaj so ji rekli muža, danes pa ji pravimo
moča. Ker se muža pojavlja v treh agregatnih stanjih, so jo po božje
imenovali Trimužje (izvirno Trimužjad). Naši prazgodovinski predniki Lobjanci so
vodnemu božanstvu postavljali tudi svetišča kamor so romali (prvotno (t)rumali)
številni častilci. Najbolj znano svetišče je bilo v današnjem Škocjanu pri
Turjaku. Na dolenjskem zahodu se je obdržalo več izvirnih imen za oboževane
vode. To so znameniti Trmožniki in Zdravščki. K Dražanskemu
Trmožniku so okoličani hodili po zdravje in vodo obredno častili vse do začetka
druge svetovne vojne.
Duše umrlih Lobjancev so po smrti odšle na »oni
svet«, to se pravi na svetlo in na temno stran lune (za luno). Po božje čaščeno
nebesno telo je zaradi ujemanja s poljedelsko rejto dobilo božansko ime
Reitija. Prenos duš s tega na oni svet in v obratni smeri, so po prepričanju
prednamcev, opravile ptice ( nekdaj velike in male tice).
Luna, po božje Reitija, je širila (odbijala)
svetlobo, zato je bila šajnata. Sčasoma so pridevnik šajnat dobili vsi,
ki so služili sveti nebesni popotnici, na kateri se je nadaljevalo življenje po
smrti. Tako ni bila šajnata samo Reitija temveč tudi Trimožje (šajnato Trimožje)
in ptice (šajnate Tice imenovane tudi Žar-tice.) Vse »šajnate«, ki so imele
pomembno vlogo pri zemeljskem in zagrobnem življenju, so naši predniki častili
in jim nosili odkupnino imenovano toler.
Versko
življenje staroslovenskih Lobjancev, prednikov današnjih zahodnih Dolenjcev,
je pustilo bogate sledi. Spoznamo jih, če tenkočutno preučimo naše življenjske
navade, naša zemljepisna imena, in vse naše
besedišče ter vse to preverimo v naravi ali z eksperimentom. Vsi našteti izrazi
za oboževano naravo imajo posnemovalno izhodišče in izrazito slovensko glasovno
zvočnost. Zahodna Dolenjska je imela v vsem času naše etnogeneze zelo malo priseljevanja
in tujih vplivov, zato so zahodno dolenjska narečja še posebej bogata z dokazili
o naši prazgodovinski preteklosti. Jezikovna dokazila o naši starožitnosti v
srednji Evropi postanejo še prepričljivejša, če jim priložimo pravilno pojasnjene
arheološke ostaline. Oboje pa je v čudoviti skladnosti z napisi, ki so jih pred
več kot dvema tisočletjema zapisali naši prednamci, staroveški Veneti.
PREHISTORIC GLOBALITY?
An attempt to clarify Slovenian ethnogenesis through
Comparative Linguistics and Mythology
Bogdan Kristofer Meško
Sveto 53,
SI-6223 Komen, Slovenia
Abstract
The technology of fire has been
known to the human race for approximately one million years. Despite the great
age of human memory and the fact that people in many places, including some
places in our own country of Slovenia, lived even less than 100 years ago,
almost the same way as during Neolithic, we are witnessing in the last century
the mass extinction of pre-historic and historic traditions all over the world.
This can be attributed to the so-called technological progress, e.g. discovery
of fossil, electric and nuclear energy, invention of new materials, global
communications and mass media, mass computerization and genetic manipulations,
all based on the unstoppable, conquering march of modern science. The triumph of
science with its deterministic approach, methods, experiments and calculations
depreciated and humiliated all ancient mythic descriptions and perceptions of
the world. This depreciation can only be compared with the expansion of
Christianity in Europe of the Middle Ages, which in a similar way absorbed or
destroyed most of the pagan traditions and myths; or with a similar revolution
occurring at the end of the Neolithic period triggered by the invention of
metallurgy, when people, due to the technical advantage and superiority of new
materials and technology, lost interest in preserving the old knowledge
accumulated and mediated by their ancestors for thousands of years. Massive
migrations of peoples occurring during both revolutionary periods can be
according to history attributed to the break from and the loss of traditions.
The negligence of the comparative
history and rather narrow view of our own tradition stimulates the feeling of a
basic diversity of different nationalities, despite and in contrast to the
'melting pot' processes of contemporary globalisation. This is evident in
particular in the field of linguistics. One should just compare the point of
view of our distinguished historian Valvasor, quoting that Slovenian is spoken
from the Alps down to Japan, with the present distinction between the Serb and
Croat language or with the Slovenistic purification of all "foreign" or even
"foreign sounding" words (with the exception of Latin or Greek). But this is not
only valid for just the Slavic languages. The designations such as Germanic,
Roman, Slavic, Semitic etc. by themselves pose virtually insurmountable barriers
between the peoples. And this can hardly be based on some solid argument, in
particular since we all are aware of the common origin of all Indo-Europeans.
Further, one could also infer the common origin of all peoples (and hence also
of all the languages, as said by the Bible). After all, actually all living
creatures, including plants, have their origin in the one and the same
Primordial Ocean.
The present paper on pre-historic
globalisation is an attempt to find a connection between the contemporary and
ancient world on the basis of comparison between Slovenian words and words from
ancient vocabularies (e.g. Cretan, Punic, Egyptian, Hetitic and Sanskrit
languages). In addition, the quest for the spiritual horizon of ancient
ancestors was oriented after the light cast from the deepest layers of our past
by the almost universal legends and myths of ancient peoples as reflected also
in Slovenian mythology.
Povzetek
Praglobalnost? Poskus
osvetlitve slovenske etnogeneze s primerjalnim jezikoslovjem in bajeslovjem
Ogenj pozna človek že okrog milijona let. A
čeprav je človeški spomin tako starodaven in so tudi pri nas ponekod še pred
manj kot sto leti živeli enako kot v mlajši kameni dobi, prihaja v zadnjem
stoletju po vsem svetu do tako množičnih prekinitev z izročili, predvsem zaradi
tehničnega napredka (elektrifikacije, uporabe fosilnih goriv, komunikologije in
množičnih medijev), da je zmagoviti pohod znanosti zadnjih nekaj stoletij, ki je
z meritvami in izračuni razvrednotila vse starodavne mitične opise sveta, moč
primerjati tako s pohodom krščanstva v evropskem srednjem veku, ki je podobno
zmagovito vsrkal ali prekinil mnoga poganska izročila, kot s kovinsko revolucijo
ob koncu mlajše kamene dobe, ko ljudje zaradi tehničnih prednosti novih
tehnologij niso videli več toliko smisla v ohranjanju nespremenjenih izročil.
Obema obdobjema zgodovina zaradi prekinitve izročil prisoja množične pohode
novih ljudstev.
Zanemarjanje primerjalne zgodovine in ozek
pogled na lastna izročila kljub spajanju v sodobno globalnost vzpodbuja občutek
temeljne drugačnosti različnih narodnih skupin, kar je še posebej očitno na
področju jezikoslovja. Primerjajmo le Valvazorjevo stališče, da se slovenski
jezik uporablja od Alp do Japonske, s sodobnim ločevanjem med srbščino in
hrvaščino, ali s slovenističnim čiščenjem vseh 'tuje' zvenečih besed (razen
grško-latinskih). To pa ne velja le za slovanske jezike. Že same oznake
germansko, romansko, slovansko, semitsko itn, postavljajo med ljudi lahko
navidezno nepremostljive meje, čeprav komaj utemeljene, saj vemo za skupen izvor
vseh Indoevropejcev, sklepamo pa lahko tudi na skupen izvor vseh narodov
človeške vrste (in tako tudi vseh jezikov, kot pravi izročilo biblije), saj
dejansko vse živalstvo, tako kot tudi rastlinstvo, izvira iz enega in istega
praoceana.
Pričujoči spis o praglobalnosti poskusa najti
prehod med sodobnim in med starodobnim svetom s pomočjo primerjave domačih
slovenskih besed z različnimi starodobnimi besednjaki (kretsko, hetitsko,
sanskrt, egipčansko, punsko) poleg tega pa se v svojem iskanju duhovnega obzorja
starodobnega človeka ravna tako po žarkih, ki jih s konca rova globoke
preteklosti mečejo središčne pripovedi starodobnih narodov, kot po njihovih
odsevih v slovenskem bajeslovju.
ZEMLJEVIDI ANTIČNE GALIJE
Dimitrij Kebe
Brodarjev trg 15, SI-1000
Ljubljana, Slovenija
Abstract
Maps of antique Gallia
A survey of
maps related to antique Gallia, the Veneti and other ancient populations of
Europe are presented. The maps show us the situation in the time of Julius
Caesar and up to the present.
Povzetek
Geografski prikaz in pregled starih zemljevidov,
ki se nanašajo na Venete in staroselce Evrope. Zemljevidi prikazujejo stanje v
času Julija Cezarja in vse do danes.
KORENINE ZAHODNIH IN JUŽNIH SLOVANOV
V. Vodopivec,
Pot na
Drenikov vrh 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija;
E-mail: Vinko.Vodopivec@familia.si
Abstract
Ther roots of the West
and South Slavs
The roots of Slavic languages, like
the roots of other Indo-European languages, originate in the common
proto-language of ancient cultures of the wider Indo-European region. Later
there were several Slavic nuclei: in Asia Minor, the Paphlagonian Veneti; in the
Danube basin, the Vinca and Lepenski vir cultures; in the Adriatic basin, the
Adriatic Veneti; and reaching the shores of the Baltic Sea (Ouenetikos kolpos),
the Veneti of the Lusatian culture. Historical evidence, linguistic and genetic
characteristics, geographic names, toponyms, which belonged to the aboriginal
population, and archaeological evidence offer insight into an increasingly
remote past. At the same time, our Slavic roots in our traditional lands in
central Europe, are receding into the Stone Age. On the basis of careful study
and dating of archaeological findings and genetic discoveries, scientists are
rejecting the theory of the Migration of Nations, and the theory of migration of
all Slavs in the 6th century A.D. to
their traditional lands in the west and the south.
There was already human settlement
in Slovenia before the last glacial period, and the present population dates
from the end of that period. Since then, numerous occupations or conquests came
about; however, none of them supplanted the indigenous population. The longest
occupation was by Romans, but even then the original population with its culture
and language survived. The proto-Slavic Veneti inhabited the majority of central
Europe. Later, its western area was conquered and assimilated by the aggressive
Germanic and Romanic peoples. New research locates also our Slovenian roots in
the more remote past - in the Stone Age. Slovenia is a language museum with a
high density of dialects and ancient language forms, among them the dual, and is
therefore especially useful in the study of Old-Etruscan and Venetic
inscriptions. Portions of the present-day Serb and Croat nations moved into
their present territories and merging with the indigenous Veneti as late as the
beginning of the 7th century A.D. They came from the Pripet River
basin in present southwest
Belarus and northwest Ukraine,
where their ancestors had migrated in the distant past from the Danube basin.
Povzetek
Jezikovne korenine Slovanov potekajo verjetno,
tako kot korenine drugih jezikov, iz skupnega prajezika prastarih kultur. Imamo
več kasnejših slovanskih žarišč: v Mali Aziji - paflagonski Veneti, v
Podonavskem bazenu - kultura Vinče in Lepenskega vira, v Jadranskem bazenu -
Jadranski Veneti in Lužiška kultura Venetov ob Venetskem (Baltskem) zalivu.
Združitev zgodovinskih pričevanj, jezikovnih in genetskih značilnosti,
zemljepisnih imen ki večinoma izvirajo od staroselcev in arheoloških odkritij,
nam omogoča vpogled v čedalje starejše čase in naše slovanske korenine na
sedanjih ozemljih in v srednji Evropi pomikajo čedalje bolj v paleolitik.
Znanstveniki na podlagi skrbnega proučevanja in datiranja arheoloških najdb in
genetskih značilnosti posameznih narodov, že zavračajo Teorijo o preseljevanju
narodov in tudi Teorijo o priselitvi Slovanov na današnja zahodna in južna
ozemlja v 6. stoletju.
V naših krajih je bila poselitev že pred zadnjo
ledeno dobo, sedanji naseljenci pa so tu že od konca ledene dobe. V času so se
vrstili osvajalni pohodi, vendar nobeden ni izpodrinil prvotnega prebivalstva.
Najdaljša zasedba je bila v času Rimskega imperija, vendar so kljub dolgotrajni
rimski zasedbi prvotni prebivalci ostali z enakim jezikom in z enako kulturo.
Praslovanski Veneti so naseljevali pretežni del srednje Evrope, zahodni del pa
so kasneje podjarmili in potujčili bojeviti germanski in romanski narodi.
Novejše raziskave nam tudi naše slovenske korenine pomikajo v čedalje bolj
zgodnjo dobo človeške zgodovine, v kameno dobo. Slovenija je jezikovni muzej z
največjo gostoto narečij in starodavnih jezikovnih oblik, zlasti dvojine, zato
je najbolj primerna za razumevanje starih etruščanskih in venetskih napisov.
Velik del hrvatskega in srbskega naroda se je na sedanje ozemlje priselil iz
območja reke Pripjat v sedanji severozahodni Ukrajini in jugozahodni Belorusiji,
kamor so se njihovi predniki preselili iz obdonavskega območja že pred davnimi
časi, in se pomešal s staroselskimi Veneti šele v začetku 7. stoletja.
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